Lyme disease is a condition transmitted by the saliva of ticks when they feed on a host (human or animal), and is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. It is thought that the Western blacklegged tick and the deer tick are the primary carriers of the Borrelia burgdorferi, and these are common throughout northern America and southern Canada, and high risk areas of infection for humans include forest and woodland edges and open grassy areas.
Diagnosing Lyme Disease
Lyme disease typically manifests in the early stages as a skin rash, often with a characteristic ‘bulls eye’ inflammation pattern, which can take between 3 to 30 days to develop. However it has been estimated that in as many as 30-50% of cases no rash will develop at all, and this can make diagnosis in the early stages very difficult. If left untreated Lyme Disease can develop into more serious symptoms, which can include meningitis, heart problems, arthritis, nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) and inflammation of the spinal cord and brain (encephalomyelitis). Lyme disease can be challenging to diagnose, as many of the symptoms are common across a wide range of other conditions, and there are as yet no conclusive tests for identifying the disease in its early stages (serological testing is only useful when the disease has progressed further). Many patients with Lyme disease are not correctly diagnosed in the early stages, and this can lead to months and even years of unnecessary suffering. Lyme disease can actually be treated very successfully with either oral or injected antibiotics if caught in the early stages, but if left untreated the condition can become very serious and then it can be much more difficult to combat the disease and its symptoms once it has turned chronic. Many physicians are still relying on serological testing to identify the condition, but this is simply not reliable enough and has been shown to fail to detect the Borrelia burgdorferi infection in as much as 20% of clinical tests. One of the reasons current tests are ineffective in the early stages of the condition is that it can take as much as six weeks after the initial infection for the Borrelia burgdorferi bactera in the blood to reach large enough levels to show up in testing. Also this bacteria can sometimes lie dormant for long periods of time, and this can make a diagnosis difficult if it emerges later on, as the patient may not connect the condition with any exposure to ticks that occurred in the past.

Blood test for Lyme Disease
This is why it is so important that physicians are educated in the process of identifying and diagnosing Lyme disease in its early stages, and the key to this is not clinical tests but possessing a good epidemiological understanding about the risks of patient exposure to infected ticks.
Surveillance
Physicians also play a vital role in the surveillance of ticks and can help to identify new endemic areas quickly by being able to diagnose the disease effectively, and also by reporting all suspected and confirmed cases to the local Health Authority. This process has helped researchers to pinpoint infected tick emergence in Canada, and has shown tick populations spreading in Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Quebec and British Columbia. Through enhanced surveillance and increased awareness of symptoms and treatments, physician can play a crucial role in minimizing the impact of Lyme disease as it spreads to new areas.


